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Extreme Environments and Ergogenic Aids

  • Module code: LS6018
  • Year: 2018/9
  • Level: 6
  • Credits: 30
  • Pre-requisites: LS5014
  • Co-requisites: None

Summary

This is a core module in Sports Science pathway, and an optional module in the Sports Analysis and Coaching, Exercise, Nutrition and Health and Biological Sciences (Human Biology) pathways. This module provides coverage of the environmental influences that impact on humans when exercising or competing in sport. The physiological reactions to discrete environmental stresses are described and methods of acclimatisation or coping are explained. This module also examines nutritional supplementation and prohibited methods to enhance physical performance, including a focus on current regulation and policies and the attitudes, values and behaviours that may precipitate doping and the consequences of doping in sport.

Aims

  • To further develop student understanding of exercise physiology with particular focus on the influence of environmental factors and nutritional supplements on exercise performance.
  • To provide students with an understanding of how to implement an intervention strategy in a sports/exercise environment;
  • To study doping regulations and policies;
  • To facilitate the understanding of the complex nature of doping by illuminating the attitudes, values and behaviours that may precipitate doping and the consequences of doping in sport.

Learning outcomes

On successful completion of the module, students will be able to:

  • Explain and interpret the effects of environmental factors on sport and exercise performance and critically evaluate strategies to overcome these environmental limitations.
  • Demonstrate a comprehensive knowledge of nutritional supplements and methods of doping, including critical evaluation of the theoretical mechanism of action, the evidence supporting an ergogenic effect, and possible side effects.
  • Distinguish the difference between supplements and controlled substances and their status in and out of competition according to the World Anti-Doping Code Prohibited List, and recognise substances and methods that are detrimental for sports performance and health.
  • Critically evaluate different methods of doping prevention and policies.
  • Discuss the attitudes, values and behaviours that precipitate doping in sport;
  • Demonstrate key skills of communication (produce written reports and/or oral presentations; incorporate tables, charts and diagrams in documents/presentations; collate information), numeracy (collect and analyse data), ICT (to present coursework; to obtain information), teamwork (working with others), and develop independent learning skills.

Curriculum content

  • Physiological responses to hot, humid, cold, high altitude, underwater and microgravity environments.
  • Strategies to overcome environmental limitations, including acclimatisation and nutritional interventions.
  • Overview of ergogenic aids:  For example, the use of creatine, HMB, caffeine, nitrates, amino acids, carbohydrate and protein supplementation in a variety of sports and the rationale for use. Problems associated with the use of natural products which contain banned substances.
  • The effect of drugs on sports performance:  The use of anabolic steroids, peptide hormones such as growth hormone, analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, stimulants, anti-anxiety drugs and diuretics and the types of sports in which they may be used.
  •   Recreational drug usage, such as alcohol, marijuana and nicotine, and the effects of such agents on sporting performance.
  • Interaction of performance-enhancing and recreational drugs and nutritional supplements; nature of interaction and thus rationale for avoidance.
  • Techniques used to boost blood levels.  Process of erythropoiesis, usage of recombinant erythropoietin, blood doping and the effect of simulated altitude training.
  • Recreational drugs and performance enhancing substance use: co-morbidity and risk factors.
  • Social and psychological factors in doping: relationship between beliefs, attitudes, behavioural intention and behaviour; peer pressure and conformity, risk taking, decision making.
  • Current and alternative ways to doping control and prevention.
  • Role of stakeholders in performance enhancement.  Doping policies, regulations and anti-doping movement:  (Definition of doping and testing procedures with reference to UK Sport and the IOC.  The role of WADA and the UNESCO Treaty of the 'International Convention against Doping in Sport', in advancing the anti-doping movement.  Health concerns and ethical considerations.

Teaching and learning strategy

Learning will be led by lectures, seminars and practical sessions in order to develop applied knowledge and practice the skills necessary for exercise testing in extreme environments. Lectures are used to discuss the theoretical concepts behind exercise in extreme environments, nutritional supplements and doping in sport.  The lectures will be complemented by seminars and where relevant through applied practical sessions in the lab and in the field. Much of the learning is achieved through formative practical challenges, directed independent study tasks, group work and/or class discussion, and creative problem solving (case studies) and peer-review. The practical sessions will develop applied laboratory skills and measurement techniques commonly used in the exercise and health industries. The sessions will also provide the opportunity to develop the leadership, teamwork and problem solving skills desired by employers. The knowledge-based materials for the module are provided by the module team on Canvas. These consist of (but not limited to) notes, diagrams, research articles and multi-media.  It is an expectation that students arrive to seminars having completed the pre-directed study tasks and use StudySpace to enhance their understanding, remaining up to date with the weekly reading.  These tasks will allow students to monitor both progress through feedback from peers and summative assessment and feed forward advice to develop understanding.

In summary the module will be made up of keynote lectures, seminars, practical sessions and independent guided study.

Breakdown of Teaching and Learning Hours

Definitive UNISTATS Category Indicative Description Hours
Scheduled learning and teaching Lectures 24h Practical sessions 24h Seminars 12h 60
Guided independent study 240
Total (number of credits x 10) 300

Assessment strategy

Lecture, seminar and laboratory sessions will provide practical feed forward guidance and formative experimental opportunities to help students achieve their full potential in the summative assessment. Further formative assessment will be provided through the use of practice laboratory challenges for the practical examination as well as utilising (but not limited to) creative problem-solving case studies as well as online tasks. Specific formative assessment opportunities include a peer-reviewed mock exam and the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) e-learning module series. These formative tasks will allow students to monitor both progress through feedback from peers and feed forward advice to develop understanding and application for summative assessment. The learning outcomes will be summatively assessed through coursework and a written examination. Coursework will typically involve the production of a lab report (journal article style) based on data collected during practical sessions and an individual report on doping. The formal examination will consist of questions.

Mapping of Learning Outcomes to Assessment Strategy (Indicative)

Learning Outcome Assessment Strategy
1) Explain and interpret the effects of environmental factors on sport and exercise performance and critically evaluate strategies to overcome these environmental limitations Practical sessions (F), mock exam (F), coursework/examination (S)
2) Demonstrate a comprehensive knowledge of nutritional supplements and methods of doping, including critical evaluation of the theoretical mechanism of action, the evidence supporting an ergogenic effect, and possible side effects Practical sessions (F), mock exam (F), coursework/examination (S)
3) Distinguish the difference between supplements and controlled substances and their status in and out of competition according to the World Anti-Doping Code Prohibited List and recognise substances and methods that are detrimental for sports performance and health; ASADA e-learning (F), coursework/examination (S)
4) Critically evaluate different methods of doping prevention and policies; ASADA e-learning (F), coursework/examination (S)
5) Discuss the attitudes, values and behaviours that precipitate doping in sport; Coursework/examination (S)
6) Demonstrate key skills of communication (produce written reports and/or oral presentations; incorporate tables, charts and diagrams in documents/presentations; collate information), numeracy (collect and analyse data), ICT (to present coursework; to obtain information), teamwork (working with others), and develop independent learning skills. Formatively assessed in seminars and laboratory through laboratory group work and data collection. Summative assessment formal exam and coursework assignments.

Elements of Assessment

Description of Assessment Definitive UNISTATS Categories Percentage
Formal examination Written exam 40%
Laboratory report Coursework 35%
Individual report Coursework 25%
Total (to equal 100%) 100%

Achieving a pass

It IS NOT a requirement that any element of assessment is passed separately in order to achieve an overall pass for the module.

Bibliography core texts

The most recent edition of:

Bahrke, M.S. & Yesalis, C.E. Performance Enhancing Substances in Sport and Exercise. Leeds: Human Kinetics.

McArdle, W.D., Katch, F.I., Katch, V.L. Exercise Physiology: Energy, nutrition and human performance. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Mottram, D.R., Ed.. Drugs in Sport. London: Routledge.

Bibliography recommended reading

The most recent edition of:

Armstrong, L.E. Performing in Extreme Environments. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics.

Houlihan, B. & Council of Europe. Dying to Win: Doping in Sport and the   Development of Anti-doping Policy. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

Noakes, T.D. The Lore of Running. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Tamburinin, C. & Tannsio, T., Eds. Genetic Technology and Sport (Ethics & Sport S.)  London: Routledge.

Waddington, I. Sport, Health and Drugs: A Critical Sociological Perspective. London: Spon Press.

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