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Organic and Natural Product Chemistry

  • Module code: CH6001
  • Year: 2018/9
  • Level: 6
  • Credits: 30
  • Pre-requisites: Level 5 Organic and Medicinal Chemistry or equivalent
  • Co-requisites: None

Summary

This is a core module for Chemistry and M. Pharm. Sci degree courses, and is optional for the BSc. Pharm. Sci. Degree course. The module builds upon and develops further, topics introduced in the earlier level 5 module CH5002, for example, stereoselective synthesis and retrosynthetic analysis. In addition, new topics are introduced such as pharmacognosy, combinatorial chemistry, photochemistry, free radical chemistry and pericyclic reactions. The lectures and associated workshops will encourage the development of problem solving and team working skills, in order to prepare you for your future careers. These skills will be practised during laboratory-based exercises, where you will participate in group "mini-projects" which will be assessed using a range of methodologies that include oral presentations, report writing and poster presentations.

Aims

  • To give students an understanding of the various methods of isolating drug-like molecules from nature (pharmacognosy) eg. terpenes, plant glycosides and alkaloids.
  • To examine the chemistry and in vitro mode of action of representative classes of molecules eg. the enediynes, cardiotonic glycosides and bronchodilators.
  • To explore examples of relevant advanced organic chemistry such as photochemistry and photosynthesis, radical chemistry, pericyclic reactions, Bergmann cycloaromatisation reactions, topics in retrosynthetic analysis and semisynthesis and the development of ACE inhibitors and others as antihypertensives.
  • To develop presentation and writing skills appropriate for a level 6 module.

Learning outcomes

On successful completion of the module, students will be able to:

  • Identify different types of natural products isolated from various sources and their mode of action.
  • Apply semi-synthetic, retrosynthetic and stereoselective strategies to selected case studies within drug development.
  • Explain what is meant by polymer support synthesis and combinatorial chemistry using suitable examples from drug discovery and peptide synthesis.
  • Describe pericyclic reactions; (cycloaddition reactions, electrocyclic reactions and sigmatropic rearrangements) in terms of their Frontier Orbital interactions.
  • Understand free radical chemistry and photochemistry (in terms of fluorescence, phosphorescence, Jablonski diagrams etc), and be able to apply these in the synthesis of organic compounds.
  • To develop problem solving and team-work skills.

Curriculum content

  • The role of pharmacognosy in the treatment of various diseases.
  • Drugs derived from natural sources such as taxol, enediynes, vincristine/vinblastine, cardiac glycosides, antimalarials, antiinflammatories etc.
  • Semi-synthetic strategies eg 10-deacetylbaccatin III; combinatorial chemistry; and polymer supported peptide synthesis-orthogonal protecting groups.
  • Stereoselectivity in syntheses: stereoselective double bond formation and diastereoselective nucleophilic additions.
  • Examples of chiral catalysts and reagents.
  • Pericyclic reactions (cycloaddition, electrocyclic reactions, sigmatropic rearrangements): Frontier Orbital descriptions of these; thermal and photochemical initiation; stereochemical outcomes.
  • Introduction to photochemistry, illustrated isomerism and pericyclic reactions; light storage and photosynthesis examples.
  • Retrosynthetic analysis using relevant and topical examples: synthons and starting substrates; disconnections and functional group interconversions; 1,1- to 1,6-difunctional compounds; C-3 to C-6 carbocycles; advanced strategy in more complex examples.
  • Radicals: applications in synthesis and in metabolic processes such as aging and anticancer chain (DNA) cutters.
  • Biosynthesis of precursors terpenes, steroids and fats as well as key natural products such as arachadonic acid/prostaglandins. The use of labelling experiments such 13C in the elucidation of biosynthetic processes and advanced NMR techniques to elucidate the structure of an unknown natural product (group work).
  • Laboratory practical experiments and a mini-project to supplement the taught material

Teaching and learning strategy

Two concurrent series of lectures (23 each) will be used to deliver the core material which will be supported by workshops. The workshops are intended to supplement and illustrate the lecture material, and to provide the student with an opportunity to clarify any aspects of the topics taught. The workshops will also provide opportunities for student to obtain feedback from staff regarding their progress. The practical sessions will provide an opportunity for team (group) work.

Breakdown of Teaching and Learning Hours

Definitive UNISTATS Category Indicative Description Hours
Scheduled learning and teaching 2 x 23 one-hour lectures 22 one-hour workshops 12 x 3-hour of practical sessions 46 22 36
Guided independent study Recommended reading Formative assessment Summative assessment tasks Exam revision 196
Total (number of credits x 10) 300

Assessment strategy

Formative assessment of lectured material takes the form of workshop problems sheets. Summative assessment consists of a formal written examination, a group mini project and structured laboratory assessments. The examination consists of short and long answer questions from across the lecture syllabus. There is a revision assignment which is designed to help students prepare for the written examination, consisting of structured questions of the type encountered in the examination. A group mini project on as aspect of medicinal chemistry is prepared by students through the first and second semesters and presented orally in TB2. The practical course is assessed by a mixture of report sheets and a full report.

Mapping of Learning Outcomes to Assessment Strategy (Indicative)

Learning Outcome Assessment Strategy
1a) Identify different types of natural products isolated from various sources and describe their biological mode of action. 1b) Understand and explain some common biosynthetic pathways to terpenoid and opioid compounds. 1c) To develop team-work and problem- solving skills. Formative assessment via problems set in workshops. Summative assessment by Practical summary sheets (TB2); Summative group mini-project on a natural product topic (oral presentation) and formative progress report (TB2); Summative structured questions on a Revision Assignment (TB2) as preparation to final written exam. Summative assessment in a section of end-of-module exam.
2a) Apply semi-synthetic, retrosynthetic and stereoselective strategies to selected case studies within drug development. 2b) Describe pericyclic reactions; (cycloaddition reactions, electrocyclic reactions and sigmatropic rearrangements) in terms of their Frontier Orbital interactions. 2c) Understand free radical chemistry and photochemistry (in terms of fluorescence, phosphorescence, Jablonski diagrams etc), and be able to apply these in the synthesis of organic compounds. Formative assessment opportunities will be provided via problems set in workshops. Summative assessment will be full practical report and summary sheets (TB1 and TB2). Summative assessment in section of end-of-module exam.

Elements of Assessment

Description of Assessment Definitive UNISTATS Categories Percentage
Written exam Written exam 50%
Portfolio of coursework One full practical report TB1 (10%) Practical summary sheets TB1 (1) and TB2 (3) (total 10%) Revision assignment TB2 (10%) Coursework 30%
Oral presentation Practical examination 20%
Total (to equal 100%) 100%

Achieving a pass

It IS NOT a requirement that any element of assessment is passed separately in order to achieve an overall pass for the module.

Bibliography core texts

Organic Chemistry

Fessenden, R. J.; Fessenden J. S. (1998), Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, Brooks/Cole

In conjunction with -Clayden, J.; Greeves, N.; Warren, S.; Wothers, P. (2012) Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition, OUP

Medicinal Chemistry

Patrick, G. (2009) An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, 4th Edition OUP

Natural Products, Biosynthesis and Pharmacognosy

Derwick, P.M. (2009) Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach. 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, ISBN: 9780470741689

Photochemistry

To be announced; however the following contains an introduction to the topic:

March, J. (2007) Advanced Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition Wiley.

Bibliography recommended reading

Sykes, P. (1996) A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0582446953

Warren, S. (2009) Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach, 2nd Edition Wiley.

Silverman, R. (2004) The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, 2nd Edition, Academic Press.

Mann, J. (2004) Chemical Aspects of Biosynthesis, Reprinted OUP, ISBN: 019 855677

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