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Current Concepts in Forensic Toxicology

  • Module code: LS7030
  • Year: 2019/0
  • Level: 7
  • Credits: 30
  • Pre-requisites: None
  • Co-requisites: None

Summary

This module provides the student with an in-depth training into pharmacology, analytical chemistry, case law, expert witness and statement writing. These skills form the fundamental duties of a forensic toxicologist. The two major branches of forensic toxicology in the UK are criminal and road traffic toxicology. Both of these require the practitioners to possess a knowledge of the analytical techniques used to analyse drugs and the pharmacology of these drugs. This module will provide students with a clear understanding of the biological effects and therapeutic uses of drugs, before focusing exclusively on both criminal and road traffic toxicology. There will also be a focus on drug testing in sport and its confirmation.

Aims

  • To provide an in-depth knowledge of the main branches of forensic toxicology;
  • To demonstrate the advantages and limitations of forensic instrumentation and to enable students to gain practical skills through the subsequent analysis of typical drugs and written/oral communication skills in expert witness testimony & report writing;
  • To enhance student understanding of the pharmacology, analytical chemistry and legislative requirements of a forensic toxicologist.

Learning outcomes

On successful completion of the module, students will be able to:

  • Debate the role of the Forensic Scientist in relation to forensic toxicology cases, illustrating the importance of the prevention of evidence contamination and devise appropriate sampling and storage protocols for a range of analytes and matrices;
  • Discuss in depth the biological effects of typical drugs encountered in criminal and road traffic toxicology;
  • Critically assess the best methodology and technique appropriate for a drug sample analysis- including validation and accreditation used for the analysis of biological and chemical samples in relation to criminal and road traffic toxicology;
  • Demonstrate advanced professional skills in the production of toxicology reports and statements;
  • Interpret current legislation as applied to drugs and evaluate the latest trends in drug abuse and manufacturing.

Curriculum content

  • Alcohol and the role of the forensic scientist in drink driving
  • Drug driving, impairment of driving through drugs and prosecution of motorists under the Section four of the road traffic act.
  • Field impairment testing and how does this contribute to a toxicologists statement
  • The role of the new fixed limit's (Section 5a) on drug driving and the challenges posed in the analysis and presentation of this evidence in court.
  • Alcohol technical defence training, including alcohol forward, back and hip flask calculations in response to disputed drink drive cases.
  • Examination of case law in relation to drink and drug driving offences.
  • Expert witness training will be carried out by practicing expert toxicology witnesses and extensively experienced casework leads
  • Criminal toxicology is the branch of toxicology that focuses on the role of drugs and alcohol in cases where serious harm, injury or death has occurred.
  • Overdose and addiction, including the most common drugs typically encountered in an overdose scenario, and the pharmacology and analytical techniques involved in the analysis
  • Suspicious deaths and murders. This focuses on the role of drugs and alcohol in cases of misadventure, suicide and suspected poisoning/murder.
  • Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault (DFSA), students will study the role of alcohol, sedatives and stimulants in DFSA cases and also focus on the unique analytical challenges that cases of this nature present.
  • Statement preparation and expert witness training for the delivery of evidence to coroners and criminal court
  • Analysis of illicit drugs and drug purity
  • Calculation of drug yields from botanical sources
  • Identification of fraudulent and counterfeit medication
  • The role of psychoactive substances and head-shop drugs
  • The latest trends in drug abuse and drug manufacturing
  • Lachrymator and noxious toxicology
  • Occupational drug testing and the role of the analytical scientist

Teaching and learning strategy

Flipped Lectures will be given to introduce topics and guide students in directed reading in preparation for tutorial sessions where a selection of case studies and problem-solving exercises will be discussed and understanding assessed (with clickers) integrated into the VLE. Students will undertake set practical experiments in the laboratory related to the theory programme. Practical report writing will test written communication and observation skills. Field visits and expert guest lecturers are intended to foster student awareness of careers in Forensic Science. The module emphasizes laboratory practice, clear communication and independent working which are important employability skills.

Breakdown of Teaching and Learning Hours

Definitive UNISTATS Category Indicative Description Hours
Scheduled learning and teaching Lectures (24 x 2 hours duration per week) Workshops (4 x 2 hrs each) Practical sessions (6 x 3 hrs in total) 48 8 18
Guided independent study 226
Total (number of credits x 10) 300

Assessment strategy

Assessment of learning outcomes will be made in a variety of ways. Summative assessments will be through a variety of tasks such as questions in practical reports culminating in a graded practical portfolio (3 practical's x10% 800 words maximum each), 2 practical simulated forensic toxicology case studies which will include presentation and expert report to assess knowledge, understanding and interpretation skills (25%, 1,500 words report maximum x2 and presentations 5 mins maximum 10% x2).

A range of formative assessments undertaken both in class, in practicals and during independent study, of relatively short duration will be set on a weekly basis on content determined by the module leader. This will provide regular and detailed feedback to students so that they can develop an awareness of their rate and level of progress and of their strengths and weaknesses. On-going discussion via the personal tutor and module leader will assist the student in the development of strategies for improvement and enhancement

Mapping of Learning Outcomes to Assessment Strategy (Indicative)

Learning Outcome Assessment Strategy
• Debate the role of the Forensic Scientist in relation to forensic toxicology cases, illustrating the importance of the prevention of evidence contamination and devise appropriate sampling and storage protocols for a range of analytes and matrices Case Study Tutorial Examples (F) Case Study Reports (S)
• Discuss in depth the biological effects of typical drugs encountered in criminal and road traffic toxicology; Case Study Presentations (S) Case Study Reports (S)
• Critically assess the best methodology and technique appropriate for a drug sample analysis- including validation and accreditation used for the analysis of biological and chemical samples in relation to criminal and road traffic toxicology; Case Study Reports (S) Practical Portfolio (S)
• Demonstrate advanced professional skills in the production of toxicology reports and statements; Case Study Presentations (S)
• Interpret current legislation as applied to drugs and evaluate the latest trends in drug abuse and manufacturing. Case Study Tutorial Examples (F)

Elements of Assessment

Description of Assessment Definitive UNISTATS Categories Percentage
Expert Witness Case Study 1 Practical Exam 35%
Expert Witness Case Study 2 Practical Exam 35%
Practical Portfolio (3x10%) Coursework 30%
Total (to equal 100%) 100%

Achieving a pass

It IS NOT a requirement that any major element of assessment is passed separately in order to achieve an overall pass for the module

Bibliography core texts

Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 10th edition. Randall C. Baselt. Biomedical Publications, Seal Beach, CA, 2014, 2211 pp., ISBN: 978-0-9626523-9-4

Rang & Dale's Pharmacology, 8th Edition Authors: James Ritter, Rod Flower, Graeme Henderson, Humphrey Rang, Elsevier Ltd., 2015, 724 pp., ISBN: 978-0-7020-5362-7

Bibliography recommended reading

Garriott′s Medicolegal Aspects of Alcohol, 6th edition. Y.H. Caplan and B.A. Goldberger, Eds; Lawyers and Judges Publishing Company, Tucson, AZ, 2015, 702 pp, ISBN 978-1936360888

Hartman, R.L., et al., Effect of Blood Collection Time on Measured Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations: Implications for Driving Interpretation and Drug Policy., Clin Chem, 2016. 62(2): p. 367-77.

Jones, A.W., Driving under the influence of drugs in Sweden with zero concentration limits in blood for controlled substances. Traffic Inj Prev, 2005. 6(4): p. 317-22.

Paulozzi LJ. Prescription drug overdoses: a review. J Safety Res., 2012 Sep;43(4):283-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2012.08.009.

Reisfield, G.M., et al., The mirage of impairing drug concentration thresholds: a rationale for zero tolerance per se driving under the influence of drugs laws. J Anal Toxicol. 2012 Jun;36(5):353-6. doi: 10.1093/jat/bks037.

Rooney, B., et al., Drugged Drivers Blood Concentrations in England and Wales Prior to the Introduction of Per Se Limits. J Anal Toxicol. 2017 Mar 1;41(2):140-145. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkw109

Schwope D  Identification of Recent Cannabis Use: Whole-Blood and Plasma Free and Glucuronidated Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics following Controlled Smoked Cannabis Administration, Clin Chem. 2011 Oct;57(10):1406-14. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.171777

Scott-Ham, M. and F.C. Burton. A study of blood and urine alcohol concentrations in cases of alleged drug-facilitated sexual assault in the United Kingdom over a 3-year period. J Clin Forensic Med, 2006. 13(3): p. 107-11.

Scott-Ham, M. and F.C. Burton. Toxicological findings in cases of alleged drug-facilitated sexual assault in the United Kingdom over a 3-year period. J Clin Forensic Med, 2005. 12(4): p. 175-86.

Sulaiman M et al, Heroin in Malaysia and Singapore. Drug Test Anal. 2018 Jan;10(1):109-119. doi: 10.1002/dta.2238

Wolff, K., Brimblecombe, R., Forfar, J.C., Forrest, A.R., Gilvarry, E., Johnston, A, Morgan, J., Osselton, M.D., Read, L., Taylor, D., "Driving under the Influence of Drugs", Report from the expert panel on drug driving March 2013, Department for Transport Great Minster House 33 Horseferry Road London SW1P 4DR, Queen's Printer and Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office

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