Dr Eckhard Pfluegel
Faculties, departments and locations
- Faculty of Engineering, Computing and the Environment
- Department of Networks and Digital Media
- School of Computer Science and Mathematics
- Penrhyn Road
Associate Professor, CYENS Research Group Leader, Course Leader
- Email:
- [email protected]
About
A leading expert in cyber security research and teaching, Dr Pfluegel is a computer scientist with a PhD in applied mathematics (computer algebra) and also a Senior Fellow of Advance HE (SFHEA).
His current research focuses on network and cyber security, emphasising game-theoretic applications. He has over 60 peer-reviewed journal and conference publications, several of which have attracted Best Paper Awards.
He founded the Cyber and Energy Security (CYENS) Research Group at the Faculty and supervises several PhD students. He has been serving several editorial roles, including Associate Editor of the Journal of Algorithms and Computational Technologies, and regularly contributes to technical programme committees in the area of cyber security.
Dr Pfluegel is leading the cyber security field at Kingston University and has established an NCSC Certified MSc in Network and Information Security. He is also interested in educational research on learning technologies and mindful teaching. He particularly enjoys supervising his research students and bringing cutting-edge knowledge from his research into his lectures.
Qualifications
- Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (English)
- Accreditation as a Teacher in Higher Education, Staff Educational and Development Association (English)
- PhD in Computer Science with Distinction (French)
- Equivalence Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies DEA (Doctoral programme degree, French)
- Diplom (BSc & MSc, 1st Class) in Computer Science (German)
Domains
Course leaderships
- Network and Information Security MSc (NCSC Certified)
Conference and workshop presentations
- Pfluegel, E. and Denholm-Price, J. (2019). Novel tools for teaching students: Fighting "Death by PowerPoint". Lightning talk, Kingston Festival of Learning, June 2019
- Pfluegel, E. and Denholm-Price, J. (2017). Introducing mindful teaching and learning at Kingston. Lightning talk, Kingston Festival of Learning. June 2017
Open source software
- TalkMaths - a tool to create mathematical e-content using speech recognition.
- Project website
- TalkMaths speech macro system download
Productivity Chrome extensions
(with Paul Madeline)
Qualifications
- Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy
Course director
- Network & Information Security / with Management Studies MSc
- Cyber Security & Digital Forensics BSc (Hons)
Courses taught
Research group leadership
- Founder and leader of the CYENS (Cyber and Energy Security) interdisciplinary research group.
Editorial roles
- Associate Editor: Journal of Algorithms and Computational Technology (Sage Publishing).
Research student completions
- "Signalling for Cyber Threat Intelligence using Cryptographic Protocols", PhD, Applied Cryptography, 2023
- "Virtual Private Blockchains", PhD, Applied Cryptography, 2022
- "A Multi-Channel Steganographic Communication Protocol: Design, Game-Theoretic Evaluation and Application to a Case Study in SMS Mobile Banking", PhD, Applied Cryptography, 2021
- "Incremental parsing algorithms for speech-editing mathematics and computer code", PhD, Speech User Interfaces, 2019
- "Novel game-theoretic frameworks for security risk assessment in cloud environments", PhD, Game Theory for Security, 2018
- "Statistical language modelling and novel parsing techniques for enhanced creation and editing of mathematical e-content using spoken input", PhD, Speech User Interfaces, 2014
- "Design and implementation of a practical model to predict future trading prices", MRes, Financial Mathematics, 2013
- "Symbolic algorithms for the local analysis of systems of pseudo-linear equations", PhD, Computer Algebra, 2010
Best Paper Awards
- Onalo, Gc, Pfluegel, Virtual Private Blockchains: Security Overlays for Permissioned Blockchains, Cyber 2020 Conference Nice, France.
- Pilz, Al-Fagih, Pfluegel, A Game-Theoretic Approach to Energy Storage Scheduling for Households in a Smart Grid, International Research Conference on Sustainable Energy, Engineering Materials and their Environment (Newcastle, July 2017).
- Rickus, Pfluegel, Atkins, Chaos-based image encryption using an AONT mode of operation. International Conference on Cyber Situational Awareness, Data Analytics and Assessment, Jun 2015, London, U.K.
Funding
- Cyber and Digital Forensics Cross-University Collaboration and Inverse CyBOK Mapping, NCSC ACE-CES Small Grant, £18,527(2022)
- Security Assessment of Passwordless Authentication Architecture, BIG Open Innovation Voucher Scheme, £5,000 (2021)
- Cyber and Forensics Cross-School Collaboration: Establishing a Digital Forensics Environment, NCSC ACE-CES Small Grant, £30,237 (2021)
- Providing an online platform for hierarchical knowledge presentation, visualisation and mapping, CyBOK Development Project, £5,000 (2021)
Committees
- Cyber Science 2026 IEEE co-sponsored Conference, June 2026, London, UK
- Cyber Science 2024 IEEE co-sponsored Conference, June 2024, Edinburgh, UK
- Cyber Science 2023 IEEE co-sponsored Conference, July 2023, Copenhagen, Netherlands
- Cyber Science 2022 IEEE co-sponsored Conference, June 2022, Cardiff, Wales
- Cyber Science 2021 IEEE co-sponsored Conference, June 2021, London, UK
- ICIMP 2020, Fifteenth International Conference on Internet Monitoring and Protection, September 2020, Rome, Italy
- Cyber Science 2020 IEEE co-sponsored Conference, June 2020, Dublin, Ireland
Qualifications
- Visiting Professor, University of Limoges
Specialisms
- Decision Making
- Game Theory for Security
- Applied Cryptography
- Speech User Interfaces
- Computer Algebra
Scholarly affiliations
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
- IEEE UK and Ireland Blockchain Group
- Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
- London Mathematical Society (LMS)
Publications
Space-efficient secret sharing based on matrix normal forms
Pfluegel, Eckhard, Arshad, Razi and Jones, Mark, 2026, Cryptography (10), 3, E-pub ahead of print
Threshold cryptography-based secure vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication in 5G-enabled intelligent transportation systems
Weerasinghe, Nuwan, Usman, Muhammad Arslan, Hewage, Chaminda, Pfluegel, Eckhard and Politis, Christos, 2023, Future Internet (15), 5, Published
Security attacks on smart grid scheduling and their defences: a game-theoretic approach
Pilz, M., Naeini, F. Baghaei, Grammont, K., Smagghe, C., Davis, M., Nebel, J. C., Al-Fagih, L. and Pfluegel, E., 2020, International Journal of Information Security (19)pp 427-443, Published
Enhancing automatic speech recognition for mathematical applications via incremental parsing
Isaac, Marina, Pfluegel, Eckhard, Hunter, Gordon and Denholm-Price, James, 2018, Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics (40), 1pp 342-349, Published
Energy storage scheduling with an advanced battery model: a game-theoretic approach
Pilz, Matthias, Al-Fagih, Luluwah and Pfluegel, Eckhard, 2017, Inventions (2), 4, Published
On simultaneous row and column reduction of higher-order linear differential systems
Barkatou, Moulay A., El Bacha, Carole, Labahn, George and Pflügel, Eckhard, 2013, Journal of Symbolic Computation (49)pp 45-64, Published
Novel multi-modal tools to enhance disabled and distance learners' experience of mathematics
Attanayake, D.R., Hunter, G. J. A., Pfluegel, E. and Denholm-Price, J. C. W., 2013, International Journal on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions (ICTer) (6), 1, Published
TalkMaths - developing a speech user-interface for spoken mathematics
Pfluegel, Eckhard, Denholm-Price, James C. W., Hunter, Gordon J. A. and Attanayake, Dilaksha, 2011, MSOR Connections (11), 2pp 44-46, Published
A monomial-by-monomial method for computing regular solutions of systems of pseudo-linear equations
Barkatou, Moulay A., Broughton, Gary and Pflügel, Eckhard, 2010, Mathematics in Computer Science (4), 2-3pp 267-288, Published
Visual impairment in maths, stats and operational research (MSOR)
Rowlett, P, Rowlett, E.J., Cliffe, E, Edwards, A, Whapples, M and Pfluegel, E., 2010, MSOR Connections (10), 2pp 45-48, Published
On the Moser- and super-reduction algorithms of systems of linear differential equations and their complexity
Barkatou, Moulay A. and Pflügel, Eckhard, 2009, Journal of Symbolic Computation (44), 8pp 1017-1036, Published
Using Automatic Speech Recognition to Dictate Mathematical Expressions: The Development of the 'TalkMaths' Application at Kingston University
Wigmore, Angela, Hunter, Gordon, Pfluegel, Eckhard, Denholm-Price, James and Binelli, V, 2009, Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching (28), 2pp 177 - 189, Published
"Talk to the Machine: it's listening - but the hand ain't typing !" The Development of the "KU-Talk" and "TalkMaths" Speech Interfaces at Kingston University
Wigmore, Angela, Hunter, Gordon, Pflügel, Eckhard, Jalan, Sanket and Denholm-Price, James, 2008, Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics (U.K.) (30), 2pp 654 - 661, Published
The 'KU-Talk' Project at Kingston University - a Speech-Driven User-Computer Interface for Use in a University Environment
Denholm-Price, James, Hunter, Gordon, Jalan, Sanket, Pflügel, Eckhard and Wigmore, Angela, 2008, Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics (U.K.) (30), 1pp 37-41, Published
An improved estimate for the maximal growth order of solutions of linear differential systems
Pflügel, Eckhard, 2004, Archiv der Mathematik (83), 3pp 256-263, Published
Effective Formal Reduction of Linear Differential Systems
Pflügel, Eckhard, 2000, Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communications and Computing (10), 2pp 153-187, Published
An Algorithm Computing the Regular Formal Solutions of a System of Linear Differential Equations
Barkatou, Moulay and Pflügel, Eckhard, 1999, Journal of Symbolic Computation (28), 4-5pp 569-587, Published
On the Latest Version of DESIR
Pflügel, E., 1997, Theoretical Computer Science (187), 1-2pp 81-86, Published
A decomposition lemma for systems of linear differential algebraic equations
Pfluegel, E. (2006). Ulm: (Universität Ulm - Institut für Angewandte Analysis) [Published]
Ransom roulette: learning the games behind cyber extortion
Pfluegel, Eckhard and Rass, Stefan (2024). [Published]
A hybrid personal cyber threat intelligence sharing protocol using steganography and secret sharing
Zand, Arman and Pfluegel, Eckhard (2024). [Published]
Embracing AI in cyber security education: a postgraduate case study
Pfluegel, Eckhard, Usman, M. Rehan, Pickard, David and Brujic-Okretic, Vesna (2024). In: Legg, Phil, Coull, Natalie, Clarke, Charles, (eds.), Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerlandpp 116-136 [Published]
Efficient cyber-evidence sharing using zero-knowledge proofs
Zand, Arman and Pfluegel, Eckhard (2023). [Published]
Shades of grey: strategic bimatrix stopping games for modelling (un)ethical hacking roles
Pflügel, Eckhard (2023). [Published]
Transforming Higher Education systems architectures through adoption of secure overlay blockchain technologies
Miah, Foysal, Onalo, Samuel and Pfluegel, Eckhard (2021). [Published]
Virtual private blockchains: security overlays for permissioned blockchains
Onalo, Samuel, Gc, Deepak and Pfluegel, Eckhard (2020). [Published]
A secure framework for anti-money-laundering using machine learning and secret sharing
Zand, Arman, Orwell, James and Pfluegel, Eckhard (2020). pp 1-7 [Published]
A novel privacy framework for secure M-Health applications: the case of the GDPR
Mustafa, Uzma, Pflugel, Eckhard and Philip, Nada (2019). [Published]
Hidden protocol strengthening with random sentences as cryptographic nonces
Tunnicliffe, Martin J., Obinna, Omego and Pflucgel, Eckhard (2019). [Published]
Ensuring message freshness in a multi-channel SMS steganographic banking protocol
Obinna, Omego, Pfluegel, Eckhard, Tunnicliffe, Martin J. and Clarke, Charles A. (2018). [Published]
A multi-channel steganographic protocol for secure SMS mobile banking
Omego, Obinna, Pfluegel, Eckhard, Clarke, Charles A. and Tunnicliffe, Martin J. (2017). [Published]
A secure channel using social messaging for distributed low-entropy steganography
Pfluegel, Eckhard, Clarke, Charles, Randulff, Joakim, Tsaptsinos, Dimitris and Orwell, James (2017). In: Khajuria, Samant, Sorensen, Lene, Skouby, Knud Erik, (eds.) River Publishers [Published]
A layered defense mechanism for a social engineering aware perimeter
Abeywardana, Kavinga Yapa, Pfluegel, Eckhard and Tunnicliffe, Martin J. (2016). [Published]
Intuitive NUIs for speech editing of structured content (Work in progress)
Isaac, Marina, Pfluegel, Eckhard, Hunter, Gordon and Denholm-Price, James (2015). pp 1-6 [Published]
Chaos-based image encryption using an AONT mode of operation
Rickus, Andrius, Pfluegel, Eckhard and Atkins, Nigel (2015). [Published]
Multi-channel overlay protocols: implementing ad-hoc message authentication in social media platforms
Clarke, Charles, Pfluegel, Eckhard and Tsaptsinos, Dimitris (2015). [Published]
Interactive error correction using statistical language models in a client-server interface for editing mathematical text
Attanayake, D, Hunter, G, Pfluegel, E and Denholm-Price, J (2012). [Published]
Interactive error correction using statistical language models in a client-server interface for editing mathematical text
Attanayake, D., Hunter, G., Pfluegel, E. and Denholm-Price, J. (2012). In: Langdon, Patrick, Clarkson, John, Robinson, Peter, Lazar, Jonathan, Heylighen, Ann, (eds.), London, U.K.:pp 125-132 [Published]
"Let them TalkMaths!": developing an intelligent system to assist disabled people to learn and use mathematics on computers through a speech interface.
Wigmore, Angela, Hunter, Gordon, Pfluegel, Eckhard, Denholm-Price, James and Binelli, V (2009). In: Callaghan, Vic, Kameas, Achilles, Reyes, Ang├®lica, Royo, Dolors, Weber, Michael, (eds.), Amsterdam: IOS Press [Published]
Ransom roulette: learning the games behind cyber extortion
Pflügel, Eckhard and Rass, Stefan(2024). [Published]
A hybrid personal cyber threat intelligence sharing protocol using steganography and secret sharing
Zand, Arman and Pfluegel, Eckhard(2024). [Published]
Efficient cyber-evidence sharing using zero-knowledge proofs
Zand, Arman and Pfluegel, Eckhard(2023). [Published]
Shades of grey: strategic bimatrix stopping games for modelling (un)ethical hacking roles
Pfluegel, Eckhard(2023). [Published]
Innovation still does not travel well, but is improving: the distribution of off-cluster firms around four UK science parks
Pfluegel, Eckhard, Mellor, Robert B., Kussainov, Adilkhan and Kumar, Yajesh(2021). [Published]
Transforming Higher Education systems architectures through adoption of secure overlay blockchain technologies
Miah, Foysal, Onalo, Samuel and Pfluegel, Eckhard(2021). [Published]
Virtual private blockchains: security overlays for permissioned blockchains
Onalo, Samuel, Gc, Deepak and Pfluegel, Eckhard(2020). [Published]
Zoomable online outliners for learning and teaching in STEM: a case for consideration
Mostafa, Marwa, Denholm-Price, James, Clarke, Charles and Pfluegel, Eckhard(2020). [Published]
A secure framework for anti-money-laundering using machine learning and secret sharing
Zandand, Arman, Orwell, James and Pfluegel, Eckhard(2020). [Published]
Exploration and visualisation of security knowledge for certified degrees: selected use cases for educators and students
Pfluegel, Eckhard(2019). [Published]
Using Zoomable Online Outliners in STEM education
Bailey, Naomi, Denholm-Price, James and Pfluegel, Eckhard(2019). [Published]
Novel tools for teaching students: fighting "Death by Powerpoint"
Pfluegel, Eckhard and Denholm-Price, James(2019). [Published]
A novel privacy framework for secure M-Health applications: the case of the GDPR
Mustafa, Uzma, Pflugel, Eckhard and Philip, Nada(2019). [Published]
Ensuring message freshness in a multi-channel SMS steganographic banking protocol
Omego, Obinna, Pfluegel, Eckhard, Tunnicliffe, Martin and Clarke, Charles(2018). [Published]
A multi-channel steganographic protocol for secure SMS mobile banking
Obinna, Omego, Pfluegel, Eckhard, Clarke, Charles A. and Tunnicliffe, Martin J.(2017). [Published]
Improving Automatic Speech Recognition for Creation and Editing of Mathematical Text through Incremental Parsing
Isaac, Marina, Pfluegel, Eckhard, Hunter, Gordon, Denholm-Price, James, Attanayake, Dilaksha and Coter, Guillaume(2017). [Accepted/In press]
Introducing mindful teaching and learning at Kingston
Pfluegel, Eckhard and Denholm-Price, James(2017). [Published]
Building secure ICT through virtual private social networks: A multi-channel mobile instant messaging approach
Pfluegel, Eckhard, Randulff, Joakim G., Clarke, Charles A., Tsaptsinos, Dimitris and Orwell, James(2016). [Published]
A layered defense mechanism for a social engineering aware perimeter
Abeywardana, Kavinga Yapa, Pfluegel, Eckhard and Tunnicliffe, Martin(2016). [Published]
Designing utility functions for game-theoretic cloud security assessment: A case for using the common vulnerability scoring system
Fathima Noorji, Seena, Maghrabi, Louai and Pfluegel, Eckhard(2016). [Published]
Improving automatic speech recognition for mobile learning of mathematics through incremental parsing
Issac, Marina, Pfluegel, Eckhard, Hunter, Gordon, Denholm-Price, James, Attanayake, Dilaksha and Coter, Guillaume(2016). [Published]
Intuitive NUIs for speech editing of structured content (Work in progress)
Isaac, Marina, Pfluegel, Eckhard, Hunter, Gordon and Denholm-Price, James(2015). [Published]
Chaos-based image encryption using an AONT mode of operation
Rickus, Andrius, Pfluegel, Eckhard and Atkins, Nigel(2015). [Published]
Moving assets to the Cloud: A game theoretic approach based on trust
Maghrabi, Louai and Pfluegel, Eckhard(2015). [Published]
Multi-channel overlay protocols: implementing ad-hoc message authentication in social media platforms
Clarke, Charles A., Pfluegel, Eckhard and Tsaptsinos, Dimitris(2015). [Published]
An evaluation of feature selection and reduction algorithms for network IDS data
Bjerkestrand, Therese, Tsaptsinos, Dimitris and Pfluegel, Eckhard(2015). [Published]
Evaluation of secure topology discovery protocol for emergency MANETs
Jayawardana Weerasinghe, Nuwan, Ladas, Alexandros, Adigun, Olayinka, Pfluegel, Eckhard and Politis, Christos(2015). [Published]
Securing neighbourhood discovery for mobile ad-hoc Networks
Jayawardana Weerasinghe, Nuwan S., Ladas, Alexandros, Adigun, Olyanka, Pfluegel, Eckhard and Politis, Christos(2015). [Published]
TalkMaths over the Web - A web-based speech interface to assist disabled people with Mathematics
Attanayake, D., Denholm-Price, J., Hunter, G. and Pfluegel, E.(2014). [Published]
Hide-as-you-Type: an approach to natural language steganography through sentence modification
Clarke, C. A., Pfluegel, E. and Tsaptsinos, D.(2014). [Published]
Enhanced Virtual Private Social Networks: Implementing User Content Confidentiality
Clarke, C. A., Pfluegel, E. and Tsaptsinos, D.(2013). [Published]
Confidential communication techniques for virtual private social networks
Clarke, Charles, Pfluegel, Eckhard and Tsaptsinos, Dimitris(2013). [Published]
Using statistical language models and edit distance metrics for prediction and error correction in a novel interface for mathematical text
Attanayake, Dilaksha, Hunter, Gordon, Pfluegel, Eckhard and Denholm-Price, James(2013). [Published]
A probabilistic algorithm for secret matrix share size reduction
Pfluegel, Eckhard, Panaousis, Emmanouil and Politis, Christos(2013). [Published]
A novel web-based tool to enhance learning of mathematical concepts
Hunter, G., Attanayake, D., Denholm-Price, J. and Pfluegel, E.(2012). [Published]
A novel lightweight multi-secret sharing technique for mobile ad-hoc networks
Polymerou, G., Panaousis, E., Pfluegel, E. and Politis, C.(2012). [Published]
Intelligent assistive interfaces for editing mathematics
Attanayake, D.R., Hunter, G. J. A., Denholm-Price, J. C. W., Pfluegel, E. and Wigmore, Angela(2012). [Published]
SWIMS (Speech-based Web Interface for Mathematics using Statistical language models): An intelligent editing assistant for mathematical text
Attanayake, Dilaksha, Pfluegel, Eckhard, Hunter, Gordon and Denholm-Price, James(2012). [Published]
YAFFS2 file-object data structure investigations
Clarke, Charles A., Tsaptsinos, Dimitris and Pfluegel, Eckhard(2012). [Published]
Interactive error correction using statistical language models in a client-server interface for editing mathematical text
Attanayake, D, Hunter, G, Pfluegel, E and Denholm-Price, J(2012). [Published]
Higher-Order linear differential systems with truncated coefficients
Abramov, S.A., Barkatou, M.A. and Pfluegel, E.(2011). [Published]
Computing formal solutions of Ssstems of pseudo-linear equations
Pfluegel, Eckhard(2011). [Published]
On the irregular part of formal solutions of systems of pseudo-linear equations
Pfluegel, Eckhard(2011). [Published]
Evaluating and improving the TalkMaths speech interface for dictating and editing mathematical text
Wigmore, Angela, Pfluegel, Eckhard, Hunter, Gordon, Denholm-Price, James, Colbert, Martin and Attanayake, Dilaksha(2010). [Published]
Simultaneously row- and column-reduced higher-order linear differential systems
Barkatou, Moulay A., El Bacha, Carole and Pfluegel, Eckhard(2010). [Published]
TalkMaths better ! evaluating and improving an intelligent interface for creating and editing mathematical text
Wigmore, Angela M., Pflügel, Eckhard, Hunter, Gordon J.A., Denholm-Price, James and Colbert, Martin(2010). [Published]
A monomial-by-monomial method for computing regular solutions of systems of pseudo-linear equations
Pfluegel, Eckhard(2010). [Published]
TalkMaths: a speech user interface for dictating mathematical expressions into electronic documents
Wigmore, Angela, Hunter, Gordon, Pfluegel, Eckhard and Denholm-Price, James(2009). [Published]
TalkMaths: A speech user interface for dictating mathematical expressions into electronic documents
Wigmore, A.M., Hunter, G.J.A., Pfluegel, E. and Denholm-Price, J.C.W.(2009). [Published]
"Let them TalkMaths !" Developing an intelligent system to assist disabled people to learn and use mathematics on computers through a speech interface: the TalkMaths and VoiceCalc systems
Wigmore, A., Hunter, G., Pfluegel, E., Denholm-Price, J. and Binelli, V.(2009). [Published]
Speech recognition and mathematics: Development of the "TalkMaths" application at Kingston University.
Pfluegel, Eckhard, Wigmore, Angela, Denholm-Price, James and Hunter, Gordon(2008). [Published]
A rational decomposition-lemma for systems of linear differential-algebraic equations
Pfluegel, Eckhard(2008). [Published]
The development of the "TalkMaths" speech interface at Kingston University
Wigmore, Angela, Hunter, Gordon, Pfluegel, Eckhard and Denholm-Price, James(2008). [Published]
Regular systems of linear functional equations and applications
Barkatou, Moulay A., Broughton, Gary and Pflügel, Eckhard(2008). [Published]
KU-TALK: a speech user interface for an intelligent working, learning and teaching environment
Hunter, G., Pfluegel, E. and Jalan, S.(2007). [Published]
Computing super-irreducible forms of systems of linear differential equations via moser-reduction: a new approach
Barkatou, Moulay A. and Pflügel, Eckhard(2007). [Published]
A reduction algorithm for matrices depending on a parameter
Jeannerod, C. P. and Pflügel, E.(1999). [Published]
An algorithmic approach for the symmetric perturbed Eigenvalue problem: Application to the solution of a Schrödinger equation by the kp-Perturbation method
Jeannerod, Claude-Pierre, Maillard, Nicolas and Pfluegel, Eckhard(1998). [Published]
An algorithm for computing exponential solutions of first order linear differential systems
Pflugel, E.(1997). [Published]